With the growing demand for fast and reliable telecommunications infrastructure, deploying a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network has become a necessity to support both economic and social development. This paper presents three proposed layouts for designing an LTE network in the downtown area of Gharyan, which represents the city’s central and most densely populated zone. The project was motivated by the uneven distribution of coverage across the area, where several locations experience either a complete lack of service or very weak signal reception. The aim is to support the city’s digital transformation by improving access to mobile internet and data services, which in turn enhances business performance, emergency response, public service efficiency, education, remote learning, telemedicine, and remote work opportunities. To implement this plan, the design process relied on Mentum Planet software, a tool specialized in mobile network planning, using real-world terrain and signal data provided by Almadar Company. Three different network layout designs were simulated using two built-in propagation models: the Planet General Model (PGM) and the Q9 model. These simulations were conducted to assess signal strength and coverage across the study area. The analysis showed that one of the layouts provided significantly better signal quality and broader coverage compared to the others. Moreover, the Q9 model proved more reliable in predicting signal behavior in densely built urban settings. Based on these findings, a set of technical recommendations has been developed to guide the future implementation of LTE networks in similar environments, while also addressing challenges such as terrain variations, signal interference, and infrastructure limitations. In conclusion, this work contributes to enhancing telecommunications services in Gharyan and supports broader efforts toward innovation and digital inclusion across key sectors in the region.

Comprehensive study presents a detailed thermal load assessment and energy efficiency analysis of school buildings in Gharyan, Libya, with a focus on sustainable energy solutions and climate-responsive design strategies. The research addresses the critical gap in energy-efficient building practices in Libya's educational sector, where 95% of public schools rely exclusively on natural ventilation systems. Through rigorous thermal modeling and performance analysis of a representative two-story school building (910 m²), this study quantifies heating and cooling loads while evaluating the potential impact of cost-effective energy efficiency measures. The methodology employs established ASHRAE standards and thermal analysis techniques to assess building performance under Libya's hot-arid climate conditions. Key findings reveal that infiltration accounts for the highest thermal loads, while lighting and equipment contribute minimally to overall energy consumption. Implementation of comprehensive energy efficiency measures—including wall and roof insulation upgrades and high-performance window replacements—demonstrates a significant 25% reduction in total building thermal loads. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on energy efficiency in educational buildings within developing countries, particularly in North African contexts. The study's findings support Libya's renewable energy targets of achieving 4GW capacity by 2035, representing 20% of the national energy portfolio. The proposed energy efficiency framework provides actionable insights for policymakers, architects, and educational administrators seeking to optimize building performance while reducing operational costs and environmental impact.

Evaluating the impact of gully erosion on slopes parallel to mountain roads is crucial due to its role in altering slope geometry, thereby affecting overall slope stability. This study addresses the significant reduction in slope inclination from 60° (originally in 1984) to 35° caused by erosion, raising concerns about whether such changes enhance stability or increase slope fragility and collapse risk. One of the main objectives of this study was to analyze and evaluate the impact of gully erosion on slope stability, particularly by assessing changes in slope safety factors resulting from alterations in slope angles due to erosion. To achieve this, detailed field measurements were conducted to analyze the geometry of the gullies, complemented by laboratory tests using the direct shear apparatus to determine the cohesion and internal friction angle of slope materials under varying water content conditions. Additionally, the RocPlane software was employed to simulate the mechanical behavior of the slope and assess its stability under different scenarios. Results indicated that an increase in water content from 17% to 25% led to a marked decrease in cohesion (from 104 to 51 t/m²) and internal friction angle(from 22.2° to 16.5°). RocPlane analyses revealed a substantial decline in safety factors for slopes impacted by erosion and moisture—dropping to zero in some cases—while unaffected slopes maintained stability with a safety factor of 2.92. These findings highlight the critical role of gully erosion in reshaping slope geometry and compromising stability. The study recommends proactive removal of unstable rock blocks and enhancement of drainage systems to mitigate the risk of future slope failures.

This research deals with estimating the likely switch of car ownership drivers and private transport vehicles modes users to public transportation system (PT) modes in the main cities as Tripoli Capital city of Libya due to reduced shopping travel time of all trips influenced by age, household size. Car ownership and shopping distance through the introducing the public transport modes such as public buses. The data on other factors (variables) that could potentially reason a model switch of from car ownership drivers and private transport vehicles modes users to public transport were collected through a survey (questionnaire) with a specified predilection method. Mode-switch models to describe the switch of conduct of own car operators to PT system are developed. A binary logistic regression model was used to assessment the transport displacement model for shopping trips. Probability curves have been developed to change the position so that it is a user-friendly tool for analysing the potential transformation Model of a variety of variables. One way to achieve this objective is by establishing reserved public transportation lanes on main urban Tripoli city roads. The providing of private road lanes will increase of service road level and reduce the level of road traffic congestion and this may effect in a switch of all or some private transport mode users to public transport modes.

Accurate soil resistivity measurements are essential for the effective design of grounding systems, particularly in environments where soil properties vary significantly with depth and environmental conditions. This study presents a comparative analysis of soil resistivity measurements using the Wenner four-point method at two test sites in Sabratha, Libya. Measurements were conducted using both Megger and Fluke instruments to evaluate data consistency and identify subsurface variability. Results show that while shallow-depth readings were consistent across devices, significant divergences occurred at greater depths due to heterogeneous soil layering. The analysis reveals a distinct variation in resistivity profiles across different locations and instruments, indicating layered soil structures and fluctuating conductivity due to environmental factors such as rainfall. Results from the Megger and Fluke instruments show consistency at shallow depths but diverge at greater depths, with Fluke detecting a steeper drop in resistivity, potentially signifying a deeper transition to more conductive layers. three-layer soil model derived through CDEGS simulation further validated field observations, indicating a highly resistive intermediate layer overlying a more conductive sublayer. These findings underscore the importance of multi-depth profiling and instrument selection in designing robust and safe earthing systems.

This paper introduces a technique for modeling and effectively controlling the trajectory tracking of a robotic manipulator through an LQG controller optimized by the IPSO algorithm. Extensive simulations have been conducted within the MATLAB simulation environment. The LQG, which combines a Kalman Filter (KF) and a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), is developed to follow the desired input for the robotic manipulator while minimizing the impact of process and measurement noise on its performance. The parameters of the LQG controller, which include the elements of the state and control weighting matrices for the LQR and KF, are optimally adjusted using the IPSO method. The validation of the proposed hybrid LQG-IPSO controller is conducted based on the control criteria parameters. The findings demonstrate that the proposed hybrid LQG-IPSO controller can achieve excellent movement performance. To fully leverage the capabilities of the IPSO algorithm, careful adjustment and determination of IPSO parameters such as inertia weight, iteration count, acceleration constants, and particle quantity are essential. Therefore, The initial focus of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of various fitness functions; simulation results indicate that the proposed hybrid LQG-IPSO control method achieves commendable fitness outcomes with minimal steady-state error (ess). Following this, a comparison of the performances of a robotic manipulator using the hybrid LQG-IPSO controller, hybrid LQR-IPSO controller, LQG controller, and LQR controller is also presented. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that superior performance parameters are attained with the hybrid LQG-IPSO controller when compared to its counterparts—the hybrid LQR-IPSO controller, LQG controller, and LQR controller—offering enhanced performance.